Bobby. wrote Yesterday at 9:31am:
What a Gluon Really Is… And Why It Refuses to Behave -
in 2 hours and 18 minutes - you'll find out:
You are 99% energy. Not matter. Energy.
The quarks inside your body weigh less than 700 grams. The rest of you is the energy of a particle you've never heard of. A particle with no mass. A particle no one has ever seen. A particle that is permanently locked inside the protons and neutrons of your atoms and can never get out.
It's called the gluon. And it breaks every rule in physics.
Every other force carrier in the universe is neutral - it transmits a force but doesn't feel it. The gluon is different. It carries the charge of the strong force AND feels that force itself. It pulls on its own kind. It interacts with itself. And because of that single property, it creates the most powerful prison in nature - one that no quark has ever escaped from. Not once. Not in 13.8 billion years.
I asked Google AI:
how can Gluons move at nearly the speed of light and change directions without giving off energy?
AI Overview
Gluons can move at the speed of light, change direction constantly, and remain confined within a proton without "giving off energy" (radiating) because they are massless force carriers operating within the unique, non-linear environment of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) rather than free space.
Here is how they achieve this behavior:
1. Massless Nature Dictates Speed
Like photons, gluons have zero rest mass. According to the theory of relativity, any massless particle is required to travel at the speed of light (
) in a vacuum.
2. Confinement, Not Radiation
Unlike light in open space, gluons are trapped inside hadrons (like protons) by the strong force.
The "Glue" Analogy: Gluons act as the exchange particles for the strong interaction. Instead of spreading out, they are constrained into "flux tubes" or "strings" between quarks.
Constant Force, No Radiation: Because of color confinement, the energy of the flux tube between quarks does not decrease over distance; it stays consistent. When a gluon changes direction to pull a quark back, it is not "scattering" in free space and losing energy; it is operating within a closed system where it is constantly being emitted and absorbed.
3. "Off-Shell" Nature (Virtual Particles)
The gluons that bind quarks together are not "real" (on-shell) particles that travel long distances, but rather "virtual" particles.
Virtual Particles are a mathematical way of describing the interaction between quantum fields. They can exist for only a brief time and do not need to follow the same energy-momentum rules as free particles.
Because they are "off-shell," they can change direction and momentum without radiating energy in the same way a charged electron would.
4. Self-Interaction (Non-Abelian Gauge Theory)
Unlike photons, gluons carry color charge themselves. This allows them to interact with other gluons. This constant, messy interaction means they are constantly changing directions, but this is a exchange of force, not a loss of energy to the external environment.
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