This paper makes it a bit awkward wouldn't you agree
Quote:Conclusions
The insect faunas, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera
and ectoparasites, recovered from the bishop’s
farm in Gardar provide an interesting insight into
the environmental history of the area. Although the
samples were recovered from outside the immedi-
ate environs of the farm, they indicate a mixture of
synanthropic and natural faunas.
During the Norse period, the natural faunas are
dominated by aquatic invertebrates. In particular
the wealth of the caddis flies has provided the
opportunity for the first study of Trichoptera from a
North Atlantic context. The synanthropic assem-
blages are typical of faunas associated with the
interiors of Norse farm houses and their residents.
The combination of an extensive wetland and
grassland insect fauna with species which must
derive from the artificially warm habitats provided
by the farm and its outbuildings, taken with the
archaeological evidence, combine to indicate an
integrated system of manuring and irrigation in
order to increase yields in the extensive hayfields
which surrounded the cathedral farm at Garđar
during the medieval period.
The abrupt nature of the contact at the base of
the stratigraphic succession suggests the removal
of the previous soil surface, perhaps as turves for
fuel and construction. It is suggested that the exten-
sive landscape modification which allowed this
process to be carried out reflects the arrival of the
first bishop, Arnald, in 1126, who with previous
experience in Norway, was able to organize labour
to construct ditches and carry farmyard and domes-
tic waste out onto the fields.
The change in the nature of organic accumula-
tion and changes in the insect faunas in the upper
part of the sequence are consistent with the aban-
donment of the Norse farms in the late medieval
period. The landscape then became an extensive
wetland.
Acknowledgements
Fieldwork in Greenland formed part of projects
funded by the Leverhulme Trust (UK) by a grant to
Professor K.J. Edwards, University of Aberdeen,
Professor A.J. Dugmore and Dr Eva Panagiotako-
pulu, University of Edinburgh, and Professor I.A.
Simpson, University of Stirling. The authors are
grateful for the comments of Kevin Edwards and
Ed Schofield, with whom the original field-
work was carried out, and to Jette Arneborg and
Guđmundur Ólafsson for much interesting discus-
sion. Anastasios Panagiotakopoulos is thanked for
drawing the map and site plan, and Laura Evans for
sorting the samples. Thanks are also due to the
farmer at Igaliku, Klaus Egede and to Georg Nye-
gaard, then Curator of the museum at Narsaq, for
facilitating the research
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/234039939_Irrigation_and_manuring_in_med...