Soren wrote on Dec 28
th, 2011 at 7:03pm:
Your suggestion is prepostrous. CO2 is a minor greenhouse gas, several magnitudes behind water vapour.
Mars, with almost saturation atmospheric CO2, should be boiling, by your simplistic equation of 'tiny CO2, big temperature increase'.
Your approach is simplistic. For any given planet, the exact same physics applies. For equilibrium, the blackbody radiation must equal the incident radiation from the sun. You can calculate the effective temperature of a planet from solar irradiation and albedo, and then apply the greenhouse effect.
The frequency of the black body radiation depends on the temperature of the body. It can be predicted using Wein's Law - the peak wavelength is inversely proportional to the body's temperature. (Incidentally, that's just a useful approximation for illustration purposes, because most planets are what are termed "grey bodies")
Stars are much hotter, and thus the radiation peaks in the visible. Planets generally peak in the Infrared. Now this might surprise you but Nitrogen is a greenhouse "gas" if the black body radiation of the planet is at sufficiently low a frequency to peak in the liquid nitrogen absorption spectrum in the far IR. That's actually quite important for planets like Saturn and Uranus, but not important for the Earth which doesn't have liquid nitrogen.

To save me a lengthy discussion of the physics, here is a site which does exactly that:
http://bartonpaullevenson.com/NewPlanetTemps.htmlAs you can see, the physics involved is pretty fundamental stuff. The greenhouse effect of water vapour is about 3 times that of CO2 (not three magnitudes). That's where we get a climate sensitivity of about 3 degrees for a doubling of CO2 concentration.
Now do you follow that?