"The recent expansion of Atlantic waters into the Arctic Ocean represents undisputable evidence of the rapid changes occurring in this region. Understanding the past variability of this “Atlantification” is thus crucial in providing a longer perspective on the modern Arctic changes. Here, we reconstruct the history of Atlantification along the eastern Fram Strait during the past 800 years using precisely dated paleoceanographic records based on organic biomarkers and benthic foraminiferal data. Our results show rapid changes in water mass properties that commenced in the early 20th century—several decades before the documented Atlantification by instrumental records. Comparison with regional records suggests a poleward expansion of subtropical waters since the end of the Little Ice Age in response to a rapid hydrographic reorganization in the North Atlantic. Understanding of this mechanism will require further investigations using climate model simulations."

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abj2946

BEFORE AGW - oh noes.

Laugh till you cry wrote on Nov 25^th, 2021 at 1:47pm:


So now you don't like peer-reviewed papers.

You should have read the paper.

"NYA17154 core (112 cm in length) was collected in June 2017 in Kongsfjorden (78°59′52.2′ N; 11°39′24″ E; 297 m) using a light gravity corer (weight, 100 kg) on board the MS Teisten operated by Kings Bay AS. On the same day of sampling, the core was split in two halves and subsampled with a resolution of 1 cm. Subsamples were kept frozen until laboratory analyses. Climatological spatial correlations (fig. S1) indicate that the coring site reflects large-scale water mass properties along the eastern Fram Strait."

"Freeze-dried sediments were washed through a 63-μm sieve and oven-dried at 50°C. Faunally rich samples (fraction >125 μm) were split in aliquots using a dry microsplitter to obtain at least 300 specimens for a valuable representation of microfauna. Species identification was performed as reported in the literature (39, 70). Foraminiferal abundance is expressed as percentage of the total assemblage (%). Calcareous tests of N. labradorica, abundant throughout the record, were hand-picked from the dry residue of the >150 μm fraction for isotope measurements (δ18O; between 10 and 15 specimens) and radiocarbon dating (ca. 100 specimens).
δ18O data (expressed relative to Vienna PeeDee Belemnite) were measured at The Stable Isotope Laboratory at the Arctic University of Norway, UiT. Tests were placed in 4.5-ml vials, flushed with helium, and acidified with five drops of water-free H3PO4. After equilibration (>2 hours at T = 50°C), samples were analyzed on Gasbench II and MAT253 IRMS (71). For each run, instrument uncertainty was <0.1 ‰ based on routine analyses of external standards. Radiocarbon analyses were performed at The Alfred Wegener Institute using a mini radiocarbon dating system (MICADAS) (72).
Lipids
Freeze-dried sediments were transferred into precombusted vials. A known amount of internal standards was added (docosane and C46-GDGT) followed by addition of a solvent mixture [dichloromethane:methanol (DCM:MeOH), 9:1, v/v]. Vials were sonicated (15 min at 60°C) and centrifuged, and the supernatant was transferred in precombusted vials. Extraction steps were repeated two more times. Saponification of dry extracts was carried out using 5% methanolic potassium hydroxide at 70°C for 1 hour. The neutral fraction was extracted three times with hexane. Extracts were dried (N2 stream) and redissolved in 500 μl of hexane:DCM (3:2, v/v) before purification via silica gel column chromatography. The apolar fraction was eluted with hexane:DCM (3:2, v/v), and the polar fraction was eluted with MeOH:DCM (1:1, v/v).
In this study, we used the method (73) developed for quantifying small amount of alkenones via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Briefly, the apolar fraction was redissolved in methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE:MeOH, 3:1, v/v) with NaBD4 for the conversion of alkenones to alkenols. Excess NaBD4 was neutralized with an aqueous solution of NH4Cl followed by acidification with HCl and extraction with hexane:DCM (4:1, v/v). Reduced extracts were dried (N2 stream), redissolved in pyridine, and derivatized with bis-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide for GC-MS analyses."

You are not even a useful tool. Just a TOOL.

Laugh till you cry wrote on Nov 26^th, 2021 at 12:14pm:



Poor petal, Reduced to being JM's sock.Did you knowe thegreatdivide is also JM's sock?

Laugh till you cry wrote on Nov 26^th, 2021 at 1:16pm:


That's because you don't "do" science. Collect the data and process. You wanted it processed on ship? Oh dear.

You did see they collected samples? In a lab?