Gallery: 'Polar vortex' hits northern USA
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Map: United States
A polar vortex dropped over the United States and Canada on Monday, bringing life-threatening freezing temperatures to large parts of North America.
Meteorologists predicted the lowest temperatures in two decades in some areas of the country, with the mercury at -37 degrees Celsius in the US city of Milwaukee.
Icy roads and snow storms created travel chaos, with thousands of flights cancelled or delayed.
The north-eastern US has endured heavy snow and deadly freezing conditions since the start of the year, and the extreme cold has claimed about a dozen lives nationwide.
What is a polar vortex?
Arctic air is normally penned in over the Arctic by a powerful circular wind called the polar vortex.
The bitter chill gripping North America is a result of Arctic air that has spilled southwards.
When the vortex weakens, the air starts heading southwards, bringing exceptional snow and chill to middle latitudes.
The polar vortex is the driven by the difference in air temperature between the Arctic and mid latitudes.
AFP
"The coldest weather in years will be making its presence known from the Upper Midwest to the Mid-Atlantic region for the beginning of the work week," the National Weather Service said.
Wind chill warnings were in effect from Montana to as far south as Tennessee and Alabama, with temperatures feeling as cold as -45C, it said, describing the conditions as "life threatening".
On the East Coast, a brief lull in the deep freeze greeted commuters on Monday, but temperatures were expected to drop overnight (local time).
In Milwaukee, on the shores of Lake Michigan, officials warned residents to stay indoors and urged schools to shut down.
"Police are reaching out to homeless citizens in order to help them find the nearest shelter," city spokeswoman Sarah DeRoo said.
All schools were closed in Minnesota. In Cook County in Illinois, which includes Chicago, warming centres were opened for anyone suffering, including those whose home heating did not work.
"This winter storm will be one for the record books, and we want to make sure everyone stays safe and warm until it passes," Illinois state governor Pat Quinn said.
Looks like Global Warming just suffered a little setback