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Kuhn vs Popper (Read 25848 times)
freediver
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Kuhn vs Popper
Apr 14th, 2007 at 4:32am
 
Many people have likened my view of science to that of Karl Popper. At the same time, they insist that the philosophy exemplified by Thomas Kuhn has 'replaced' that of Popper and that my views have therefor been shown to be wrong. So I read "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" to see what it was all about. The book was interesting, though much of the philosophy has already reached a wider audience. His claims did not contradict my own. What Kuhn describes as 'crises' are made possible by falsifiability. Falsifiability makes them inevitable, whereas the absence of falsifiability makes them impossible. This is why the unscientific aspects of the theory of evolution have not contributed to what would generally be regarded as progress, beyond the theory itself, whereas natural selection has.

Kuhn does criticise Popper directly on one occasion in the book. He attributes to Popperian philosophy the claim that scientific progress, crises and revolutions occur as a result of conscious attempts at falsification. While I cannot claim to represent Popper or his followers, such a claim is not part of the arguments I have made regarding the nature of science.

What Kuhn describes are the emergent properties of scientific endevour. His contribution was a description of the behaviour of scientists as a group that is historically accurate, and necessary given the tendency of the general public, and scientists themselves, to confuse historical references used to aid the communication of the current paradigm with accurate descriptions of how the current paradigm came about. However, scientists should recognise the same patterns in their own work, for the 'publishable work' they end up with does not necessarily reflect the method by which they arrived at their conclusion. Rather, it reflects the benefit of hindsight and the most effective way to communicate their findings. Historical accuracy is only necessary in the descriptions of the actual experiments, however the real creative contribution is how the scientist came to use that experiment.

Kuhn does make an attempt to discover what it is about science that ultimately sets it apart from other fields, however the aspects he describes are again emergent properties which depend upon a focus on empirically falsifiable hypotheses, theories and laws.

Where he does mention evolution, he makes no distinction between the falsifiable and non-falsiable aspects of the theory.

Most of the apparent disagreement is due to a different focus. Falsifiability focusses on what scientists do first in the development of new ideas. Kuhn's work describes what they do last. The processes that Kuhn describes are, to a large extent, inevitable when scientists get it right from the start. The is a tendency to focus on the outcome in deciding what is science, however this focus is not necessary and is the reason why Kuhn is unable to answer that question in any fundamental way.
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« Last Edit: Apr 14th, 2007 at 4:39am by freediver »  

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Re: Kuhn vs Popper
Reply #1 - Apr 14th, 2007 at 6:26pm
 
freediver still playing games.

"Kuhn does make an attempt to discover what it is about science that ultimately sets it apart from other fields, however the aspects he describes are again emergent properties which depend upon a focus on empirically falsifiable hypotheses, theories and laws. "

Paraphrasing you are saying that Kuhn's ideas of science depend on "empirically falsifiable hypotheses". Bullshit. He says nothing of the sort - you are just making it up.

"There is a tendency to focus on the outcome in deciding what is science, however this focus is not necessary and is the reason why Kuhn is unable to answer that question in any fundamental way."

Paraphrasing you are saying Kuhn is unable to say "what is science". So, you deny that this great philosopher is able to say what science is. Strange that a God loving/fearing crank like you have no problem in telling us all what science is, and is not, despite your views being opposed by the whole scientific world and every poster on this forum. However, I see that the pope has just again supported your view - is that where you got it from?
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Re: Kuhn vs Popper
Reply #2 - Apr 14th, 2007 at 7:05pm
 
I've said that freediver is playing games. By this I mean that he is not concerned with the truth of the relative positions but rather he is concerned with the argument and its process itself. He has armed himself with a few spurious propositions and many red herrings and hopes by a process of confusion to appear to win the argument. By this method he hopes to open a door very slightly through which he will then try get all the other mumbo-jumbo nonsense past the threshhold. It is possible to succeed in such an approach - certainly in terms of how the argument may appear to uninitiated observers. I'm sure he has been trained in this - Jehovahs Witnesses certainly are. But this would still leave his assertions as being nonsense and the contrary assertions being valid.
An example is St Anselm's ontoligical proof of God which even the great Bertrand Russell had problems in showing to be nonsense. However, Anselm's proposition remained and remains nonsense despite any argumentative niceties arising from the game. No utterances by freediver can alter the fact that evolution is science and religious assertions remain nonsense.
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Re: Kuhn vs Popper
Reply #3 - Apr 14th, 2007 at 11:14pm
 
Is freediver a Jehovahs witness?

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Re: Kuhn vs Popper
Reply #4 - Apr 15th, 2007 at 1:32am
 
I agree with you, sense.

His avatar is instructive. The name "freediver" indicates a determination to go as far as possible with nothing but a mouth full of hot air.  Smiley

....and there's also that picture of him holding that big fish...  Wink

However, being the greenie (or cheapskate) that I am, I'm hoping to heat my house this winter with freediver's hot air, so I'll continue to throw in my two cents from time to time, to (hopefully) keep the discussion rolling.
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zoso
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Re: Kuhn vs Popper
Reply #5 - Apr 15th, 2007 at 11:46am
 
Shithouse rat...  Grin  Grin  Grin

Freediver, tell me, at what exact point in time to you consider the science sprung into being? Or will you accept that science is a loosely defined term which describes the behaviour of human curiosity and investigation. The first men to have created stone cutting tools, spears and axes, did they not apply the methods of science to arrive at those ends? Did they then rely on empiricism in their scientific endeavours? I think you will find the answers are a resounding yes and no respectively...

At this point I would like to take issue with some more of your article on evolution, firstly:
Quote:
The ancient greeks did not come up with a systematic way of studying nature, nor did they separate what we now know as science from other fields of study. Instead, they would sit under and olive tree with a bottle of wine and argue about the nature of the universe. As you would expect they didn't get very far.

Of course, Pythagoras (trigonometry, pi), Hippasus (irrational numbers), Oenopides (determined the angle of inclination from the equator to the suns path), Aristotle (early definitions of logic), Callippus (determined the length of the year in days hours minutes with reasonable accuracy by modern standards), Democritus (determined the volume of a cone or pyramid to be one third the volume of a cylinder or prism of the same base), Archimedes (archimedes screw, bouyancy etc, more discoveries than can be mentioned here), Hipparchus (trigonometry used in astronomy, motion of the moon and sun), Perseus (spiric intersection of a torus and plane), Eudoxus (early models of the solar system), were all just sitting around getting drunk and not studying nature in any meaningful way... and the list goes on and on and on, clearly the ancient greeks did not come up with a systematic way to study nature at all Roll Eyes

Oh and if you don't want to consider maths to be science then heres some ancient greek technological advances: (from wikipedia)
Quote:
Notable Greek technological inventions include cranes, screws, gears, organs, odometer, dial and pointer devices, wheelbarrows, diving bells, parchment, crossbows, torsion catapults, rutways, showers, roof tiles, breakwaters, the MULTI.cannon and many more innovations.

Greek technicians were pioneers in three of the first four means of non-human propulsion known prior to the Industrial Revolution: watermills, windwheels, and steam engines, although only water power became extensively used in ancient Greece.

Yep, didn't get far at all did they freediver?

Of course we have advanced beyond the simple methods of ancient times, but to suggest that because the ancient greeks did not follow modern scientific methods  they were not engaged in science is pure ignorance. You cannot put the cart before the horse, every technological development since the earliest tools required the use of some form of scientific method.

Now, this statement is profoundly stupid:
Quote:
Why is it that science arose in very few cultures and only persisted to turn into a rigourous self correcting discipline in judeo christian societies?

Say
WHAT??


Of course, gunpowder, shipbuilding, plumbing, surgery, archery, masonry & pottery, architecture, use of concrete, the wheel, metallurgy, indeed every single piece of technology invented before the time of the bible, all of these technological advances did not employ the methods of science in their creation? I suppose people just haplessly bumbled upon these things in their drunken stupor? Right?

You describe the modern scientific method as though it is the only scientific method, you suggest that science arose during the renaissance. Indeed it did become far more rigorous and this lead to a great many new inventions and an acceleration of technological development during the renaissance, but to suggest that all scientific discoveries made before the rise of the modern scientific method are unscientific is just stupid freediver. To even think that the modern scientific method and the rapid increase in discovery from the renaissance could have arisen without the scientific discoveries methods and technologies of the past, dating back to those first tools used by humans, is pure ignorance of the historical development of science.

Of course this is hardly relevant to the evolution debate since evolution adheres to to all modern scientific methods, but I just thought I would highlight some more of that broad, generalised, unresearched ignorance in your evolution article. More crap that tries to give christianity the glory for everything.

Ancient greeks achieved nothing much.... gold freediver, thats absolute gold Roll Eyes

Only christian cultures have had scientific advancements.... pure gold, I'm laughing my @ss off here Roll Eyes

Whats that? You weren't joking??
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freediver
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Re: Kuhn vs Popper
Reply #6 - Apr 16th, 2007 at 8:09am
 
He says nothing of the sort - you are just making it up.

I didn't say that he said it.

Paraphrasing you are saying Kuhn is unable to say "what is science".

No not paraphrasing, criticising.

So, you deny that this great philosopher is able to say what science is.

He even admits it himself.

However, I see that the pope has just again supported your view - is that where you got it from?

As far as I know, all the pope has said is that creationism is not a scientific theory. I am saying that evolution is not a scientific theory.

But this would still leave his assertions as being nonsense and the contrary assertions being valid. 

If that were true, you would be able to point it out.

Freediver, tell me, at what exact point in time to you consider the science sprung into being?

I don't think you can say it arose at a single point in time, just as Kuhn pointed out that a theory arises gradually over time. However, in general it arose during what historians call 'the scientific revolution.' That is, after the renaissance. At least, that is when the scientific method was institutionalised. Obviously people used it out of intuition before then, and I think it did appear in some texts.

http://www.ozpolitic.com/evolution/history-modern-scientific-method.html

Of course, Pythagoras (trigonometry, pi), Hippasus (irrational numbers), Oenopides (determined the angle of inclination from the equator to the suns path), Aristotle (early definitions of logic), Callippus (determined the length of the year in days hours minutes with reasonable accuracy by modern standards), Democritus (determined the volume of a cone or pyramid to be one third the volume of a cylinder or prism of the same base), Archimedes (archimedes screw, bouyancy etc, more discoveries than can be mentioned here), Hipparchus (trigonometry used in astronomy, motion of the moon and sun), Perseus (spiric intersection of a torus and plane), Eudoxus (early models of the solar system), were all just sitting around getting drunk and not studying nature in any meaningful way... and the list goes on and on and on, clearly the ancient greeks did not come up with a systematic way to study nature at all

Trig, irrational numbers, logic, volume of a cone etc are not scientific. Obviously they did achieve some things, which is why using the term 'the ancient greeks' means anything at all. But they did not achieve much, because failure to use the scientific method held them back. Even the angle to the sun is just an observation.

Of course, gunpowder, shipbuilding, plumbing, surgery, archery, masonry & pottery, architecture, use of concrete, the wheel, metallurgy, indeed every single piece of technology invented before the time of the bible, all of these technological advances did not employ the methods of science in their creation? I suppose people just haplessly bumbled upon these things in their drunken stupor? Right?

You are arguing based on the outcomes that other people achieved. That doesn't mean that they achieved a rigourous, self correcting discipline. Much of the advances we have seen in the last few centuries came about by adopting methods that lead to the abandonment of many of the burdens placed on academics by ancient ways of doing things.

Trial and error is not a scientifi method.

Indeed it did become far more rigorous and this lead to a great many new inventions and an acceleration of technological development during the renaissance, but to suggest that all scientific discoveries made before the rise of the modern scientific method are unscientific is just stupid freediver.

Which is why I employ the term 'the modern scientific method' when describing the history of it's development. In the other articles, when I use the term science, I am obviously referring to the modern usage of the term, not what passed for science thousands of years ago.

To even think that the modern scientific method and the rapid increase in discovery from the renaissance could have arisen without the scientific discoveries methods and technologies of the past, dating back to those first tools used by humans, is pure ignorance of the historical development of science.

Sure, the ancients aquired some knowledge, most of which turned out to be wrong. I am not saying that nothing was discovered about nature prior to the modern scientific method. I am saying that progress was clearly floundering until it was adopted. History backs me up on this. That is why, for example, historians call it the scientific revolution.

Did you know that prior to the modern scientific method, unicorns were still drawn alongside real animals in texts, even though the scholars knew they didn't exist? That was because no-one saw the need to even separate the study of nature from the study of myth. The characteristics of a unicorn were just as important as those of a pig.
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Re: Kuhn vs Popper
Reply #7 - Apr 16th, 2007 at 9:01am
 
Maths is not scientific? You are an utter fruit loop.

Methodical, logical analysis of naturally observed phenomena... nope that sure couldn't be science!

This is like arguing with a brick wall...
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Re: Kuhn vs Popper
Reply #8 - Apr 16th, 2007 at 9:06am
 
Methodical, logical analysis of naturally observed phenomena... nope that sure couldn't be science!

It is not sufficient to make it science, otherwise dividing a bunch of rocks according to their colour would be scientific.
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Re: Kuhn vs Popper
Reply #9 - Apr 16th, 2007 at 10:50am
 
From Kuhn's book (3rd edition), p168, chapter XIII, Progress through revolutions

"The bulk of scientific knowledge is a product of Europe in the last four centuries. No other place and time has supported the very special communities from which scientific productivity comes."

Remember, this is from the guy who is famous worldwide as THE historian of science.
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Re: Kuhn vs Popper
Reply #10 - Apr 16th, 2007 at 1:09pm
 
First point - I think freediver really is a Jehovahs Witness. I asked him a while back if he was in the United Church and he said no. Oceanblue asked him this time if he was a JW and he has chosen not to answer. I think that clears it up.

Freediver - you admit that you can tell us what science is but Kuhn and others cannot?

To correct you - the pope supports your assertion that evolution is not science (in the news last week) - that's why I thought you must have got the idea from him. But I suppose being a JW you don't listen to the RCs.

Regarding: "But this would still leave his assertions as being nonsense and the contrary assertions being valid. "
and your reply  "If that were true, you would be able to point it out. "
You have totally missed the point I was making. I'm sure I made it clearly. It is just not a straightforward matter to point out the errors in nonsense. As I said, Bertrand Russell had problems in that direction. Note Jefferson's statement that ridicule is the only weapon available when propositions are not reasoned. Hence the universal ridicule by the posters here of your position.
Zoso, being the civil and respectful person is continues to try to apply reason and point out the nonsense. But the attempt is doomed.

ps your last post with the Kuhn quote might have been effective but for the word "bulk" which destroys your point. A random history of science book I just checked begins in 2,400,000 BC with hominids in Africa manufacturing stone tools. No one other than you questions whether this is science - of course it is. I'm wasting my time but with your defintion all astronomy is not science. We can hardly do an experiment on Sirius.
Find me a scientist, or any rational person who says that astronomy is not science. Time for you to give up and join the sane.
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Re: Kuhn vs Popper
Reply #11 - Apr 16th, 2007 at 1:19pm
 
the pope supports your assertion that evolution is not science (in the news last week)

Damn, I must have missed that. Thanks for letting me know. Do you have a link by any chance?

It is just not a straightforward matter to point out the errors in nonsense.

Yes it is.

ps your last post with the Kuhn quote might have been effective but for the word "bulk" which destroys your point.

No it doesn't. As I pointed out, the method may have been used much earlier. It just wasn't institutionalised until then. Furthermore, Kuhn does not define science, only links it to 'progress'. What I claimed was that the ancients didn't get very far because they weren't using the scientific method. I did not claim that they achieved nothing.

A random history of science book I just checked begins in 2,400,000 BC with hominids in Africa manufacturing stone tools.

Can I suggest a history of technology would have been a more appropriate title. A lot of what you describe sounds more like engineering than science. And yes, engineers do understand the difference between what they do and science.

We can hardly do an experiment on Sirius.

Luckily Sirius is not a theory then.
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Re: Kuhn vs Popper
Reply #12 - Apr 16th, 2007 at 1:30pm
 
So - you really are a JW. Do they sponser you?
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Re: Kuhn vs Popper
Reply #13 - Apr 16th, 2007 at 1:36pm
 
Grin

Is this what you mean?

http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?alias=pope-says-science-too-nar&chanId=sa003&modsrc=reuters

The Pope also says the Darwinist theory of evolution is not completely provable because mutations over hundreds of thousands of years cannot be reproduced in a laboratory.

"Science has opened up large dimensions of reason ... and thus brought us new insights," Benedict, a former theology professor, said at the closed-door seminar with his former doctoral students last September that the book documents.

"But in the joy at the extent of its discoveries, it tends to take away from us dimensions of reason that we still need. Its results lead to questions that go beyond its methodical canon and cannot be answered within it," he said.


http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1609537,00.html

In a new book, Creation and Evolution, published Wednesday in German, the Pope praised progress gained by science, but cautioned that evolution raises philosophical questions science alone cannot answer.

It is close to my argument, I'll admit that, though I have no idea why you thought I was somehow 'following' this with my theory:

However, I see that the pope has just again supported your view - is that where you got it from?

The idea of proof is not really part of science, and most scientists realise that their theories will one day be disproven (except of course the unscientific ones which escape scientific investigation). However, the Pope steers well clear of trying to define science. Not that I think he is deliberately hiding his views, he is probably just like the majority of citizens who associate science loosly with technology and progress but don't seek a more meaningful definition.
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Re: Kuhn vs Popper
Reply #14 - Apr 16th, 2007 at 1:37pm
 
freediver wrote on Apr 16th, 2007 at 10:50am:
From Kuhn's book (3rd edition), p168, chapter XIII, Progress through revolutions

"The bulk of scientific knowledge is a product of Europe in the last four centuries. No other place and time has supported the very special communities from which scientific productivity comes."

Remember, this is from the guy who is famous worldwide as THE historian of science.

Note carefully the use of the word "bulk"...............

Roll Eyes Roll Eyes Roll Eyes Roll Eyes
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