In contrast, as that same common ancestor evolved into a human, two of the 48 chromosomes underwent a genetic malfunction and were fused together to produce a new species with a diploid number of 46.



Figure 1: Evolutionary Map of Proposed Ape and Human Descent. Note the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and the bonobo or pigmy chimpanzee are grouped together.


There are problems with this explanation. First, this hypothesis openly assumes that the chromosomal fusion took place after humans supposedly split from the apes in the proposed evolutionary tree. Allegedly at some point in the past, a human ancestor’s DNA underwent a genetic fusion between two of its chromosomes. This event occurred in no other species. Does this provide evidence that humans share a common ancestor with apes? No. This line of thinking provides no empirical evidence that humans and apes share a common ancestor. All that it really does is suggest that a past human may have undergone this genetic change. In order for this fusion event to demonstrate common ancestry with the chimpanzee, there would have to be some link between the fusion event and the great apes. But no such link exists. The fused-looking chromosome is specific to humans, so it does not directly connect with the great apes. Therefore, it cannot be empirical evidence for a common link between Homo sapiens and the great apes. The only genetic “link” (which is no link at all) between humans and the apes is our close DNA sequence similarity. But this similarity is completely expected given the similar body structure, physiology, and biochemistry that we share with our primate friends. In reality, DNA sequence similarity is just as much evidence for common design as it is for evolution. In actuality, neither viewpoint is proven by the matter of similarity.

For the sake of argument, let us assume that evolutionists are correct and a distant human ancestor with 48 chromosomes did evolve into a new species with 46 chromosomes via the chromosome 2 fusion event. Did this event occur in a single individual or simultaneously in an entire population? Mutations of this nature are certainly rare, but they do occur occasionally. However, the probability that this mutation would occur simultaneously in multiple individuals is so staggeringly low that we can assume its impossibility. At best, the mutation occurred in a single individual. How then was it propagated from one individual to his or her offspring and eventually to every human? Chromosomal rearrangements of this nature are not easily passed to offspring. When mutations of this magnitude occur, they pose serious problems for an organism when the process of gamete production occurs. Gametes are the egg and sperm cells used to form a new individual during sexual reproduction. The process of generating gametes is a special form of cell division known as meiosis. During this process, a specific alignment of chromosomal pairs always occurs and is essential for meiosis. This alignment is dependent on the near-identical structure and sequence of chromosomal pairs. If an individual carries a mutation such as a chromosomal fusion, then he or she will often be unable to produce gametes, because meiosis will fail to occur properly due to improper alignment of the now non-identical chromosome pairs. Today, we know chromosomal fusion to be one cause of infertility. In some cases, meiosis can find a way to complete despite non-identical chromosomal pairs. However, the gametes that result, or the offspring produced by fertilization with these gametes, usually have a short lifespan due to genetic problems. Problems associated with chromosomal alignment lead to spontaneous miscarriages and genetic abnormalities such as Down’s Syndrome.

A third problem with the hypothesis of a chromosomal fusion in human ancestry lies in the complete absence of humans with 48 chromosomes. If it were true that a chromosomal split occurred in human evolution, then two distinct human groups would have been generated: one containing 48 chromosomes which were not altered by any genetic change, and a second containing 46 chromosomes including the fusion of chromosome 2 (Figure 2). The problem is, however, that no humans have 48 chromosomes. The only possible historical explanation is that an entire population of 48-chromosome humans became extinct and was replaced by a 46-chromosome human race. For this scenario to have occurred, a very strong positive selection must have favored the diploid number of 46 over that of 48 (Bowers, 2003). Unfortunately for evolutionists, the paradox is that the same selection would be expected for the other apes as well. Apes, however, maintained a chromosome number of 48. Because of the known problems of infertility that go along with large genomic rearrangements, natural selection would actually operate against this proposed chromosomal fusion. The fitness for survival for such individuals would be extremely low. Taken together, no evidence supports common ancestry between humans and chimpanzees via chromosome 2 fusion.

it_is_the_light wrote on Sep 18^th, 2016 at 12:24pm:

Darwin never said that man evolved from (modern) apes.  Man and other apes all evolved from a common ancestor.

PZ547 wrote on Sep 18^th, 2016 at 12:37pm:


many blessings PZ547

there are many sick individuals upon this world

those that indulge in these acts are clearly demon possessed

may the lord have mercy upon them

namaste

it_is_the_light wrote on Sep 18^th, 2016 at 1:00pm:


I'd rather he had mercy on the Orangutans and let the people that do that sh1t burn in hell

John Smith wrote on Sep 18^th, 2016 at 1:04pm:





Not sure there's any burning in hell

but I did surmise that humans be consigned to the tip

I'm fine with animals staying

Just as a matter of interest, author Oscar Kiss Maerth wrote a book decades ago, before monopolization of publishing

His book was entitled: 'And The Beginning Was the End' or similar

It's a fascinating read and spends quite a bit of time detailing archaeological discoveries which few are aware of even today, involving mass cannibalism as revealed through smashed skulls and bones generally

It's the author's belief, which is substantiated by archaeologists and others, that the skulls were smashed to get at the brains, while the long bones were smashed for the marrow

The author believes the males ate the brains whereas women and kids had to settle for the marrow

Eating brains, says the author, resulted in the fabled 'missing link'.  He said brain-consumption led to increased intelligence in the cannibals

Interestingly, decades later, science devised an experiment whereby rats were required to run a maze to get at a reward.  Some rats were better at it than others.  The smarter rats' brains were extracted and put into a centrifuge, after which that was fed to other rats.  Scientists observed that those rats which had been fed concentrated extract of their smarter predecessors' brains themselves executed the maze-run much faster than the control-rats.  The experiments were conducted repeatedly, with the same results

The rat-experiments thus tallied with the conclusions of the book's author

The author arrived at the conclusion that the Biblical Tree which plays such a central role in the Adam and Eve saga, was in fact originally regarded as the Tree of Knowledge, with the eating of brains the real 'apple', or forbidden-fruit

The book contains many photographs of primates.  And beneath each are matching photos of humans of varying ethnicities

Interesting book that raised (and still does) outrage amongst many to the point it's long been out of print and suffers these days at the hands of those who ridicule and deride it in the hope no one will buy whatever copies remain.  In other words, modern-day book-burning

Another very interesting book is entitled, 'The Bible Came From Arabia'.  The author provides maps which show that a small area in Yemen was actually the 'holy lands', complete with place names/locations matching those in the Bible compared with the failure of those with a vested interest to locate those places in Palestine and surrounding regions.  Again, this book has been victim of today's equivalent of book burning