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Islam and science (Read 16439 times)
freediver
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Islam and science
Jul 4th, 2008 at 4:20pm
 
This came up in the thread about Islam and Australian values:

http://www.ozpolitic.com/forum/YaBB.pl?num=1215058243/20#20

Was there a 'golden age' of scientific enquiry in the middle east? When was it? Was it preceded by something similar in China? What caused it to end? Are there any Islamic laws relating directly to science and technology?

What is Islamic law regarding economics? Did Islam introduce any novel concepts regarding trade and economics? As far as I know economics as an academic enquiry only began a few centuries ago.
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Re: Islam and science
Reply #1 - Jul 4th, 2008 at 9:07pm
 
Hey those are some great questions FD,

Firstly, economics as an academic school of thought has been around for quite some time, it was there in the early days of Islam and perhaps a form of study well before Islam came.

Islam has a regulated form of capitalism and free trade. I've found it to be quite similar in many ways to the Austrian School of Economics.

In regards to the Golden Age of Islam here is a documentary, part 2 of the BBC series, Islam: Empire of Faith

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7502243539190558658&q=golden+age+of+isla...

Plus theres some general information on Wikipedia:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age

Hope that helps
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Re: Islam and science
Reply #2 - Jul 4th, 2008 at 10:11pm
 


yes, the golfen age of islam included such luminaries as the guy who jumped off a mosque with a sheet to try to fly.

Other than that, they made miniscule steps on from what already existed.
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Re: Islam and science
Reply #3 - Jul 4th, 2008 at 10:43pm
 
Sprintcyclist wrote on Jul 4th, 2008 at 10:11pm:
yes, the golfen age of islam included such luminaries as the guy who jumped off a mosque with a sheet to try to fly.

Other than that, they made miniscule steps on from what already existed.

You're really very uneducated Sprint, while Europe was in it's dark ages and refusing to bathe and praying on the bones of the dead to cure illnesses Muslims had hospitals, universities, street lighting, paved roads, medicine, algebra, science etc.

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Re: Islam and science
Reply #4 - Jul 4th, 2008 at 10:57pm
 
uneducated ?? That's a vast improvement from previous comments !!

What gave rise to my upgrading ?



"The Dark Ages
Early scholars gave the name "Dark Ages" to the period in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. During this period, barbarian Goths, Vandals, and Huns swept down on Europe from the north and east. They destroyed many fine buildings and works of art that had existed during Roman times. During the Dark Ages, knowledge survived only in monasteries, and there were very few schools. Many of the old arts and crafts were lost. This is why the time was called the "Dark Ages."

The eastern Roman Empire was not conquered by the barbarians. There, the arts still flourished. People were still thinking and making fine works of art in other parts of the world. In China and India, great civilizations grew and spread. In the 1000s, Europe began to slowly recover from its artistic darkness. The lost knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans was found again. There was a new interest in learning, and the richer life of the Middle Ages began."


http://mr_sedivy.tripod.com/med_hist.html




muslims advanced very little beyond what they already had been given.
as evidenced nowadays by their abysmal performance in nobel prize recipients.

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Re: Islam and science
Reply #5 - Jul 5th, 2008 at 12:09am
 
Quote:
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/331/7531/1486?eaf
How Islam changed medicine
Arab physicians and scholars laid the basis for medical practice in Europe


Islamic civilisation once extended from India in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. Buildings in Andalusia such as the Alhambra in Granada, the Mezquita in Cordoba, and the Giralda in Seville are reminders of the architectural imprint this civilisation left on western Europe. Less well remembered, however, is the impact of Islamic civilisation on Western science, technology, and medicine between the years 800 and 1450.1 As was argued this month at the Royal Institution, today's Western world might look very different without the legacy of Muslim scholars in Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba, and elsewhere.2

As Islam spread out of the Arabian Peninsula into Syria, Egypt, and Iran it met long established civilisations and centres of learning. Arab scholars translated philosophical and scientific works from Greek, Syriac (the language of eastern Christian scholars), Pahlavi (the scholarly language of pre-Islamic Iran), and Sanskrit into Arabic. The process of translation reached its peak with the establishment of the "House of Wisdom" (Bait-ul-Hikma) by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mamun in Baghdad in 830. It made Arabic the most important scientific language of the world for many centuries and preserved knowledge that might otherwise have been lost forever.

As well as assimilating and disseminating the knowledge of other cultures, Arab scholars made numerous important scientific and technological advances in mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, metallurgy, architecture, textiles, and agriculture. Techniques they developed—such as distillation, crystallisation, and the use of alcohol as an antiseptic—are still used.

Arab physicians and scholars also laid the basis for medical practice in Europe. Before the Islamic era, medical care was largely provided by priests in sanatoriums and annexes to temples. The main Arabian hospitals were centres of medical education and introduced many of the concepts and structures that we see in modern hospitals, such as separate wards for men and women, personal and institutional hygiene, medical records, and pharmacies.

Ibn Al-Nafis, a 13th century Arab physician, described the pulmonary circulation more than 300 years before William Harvey.3 Surgeon Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi wrote the Tasrif which, translated into Latin, became the leading medical text in European universities during the later Middle Ages. Al-Zahrawi was also a noted pathologist, describing hydrocephalus and other congenital diseases as well as developing new surgical technologies such as catgut sutures.4 5 Some describe Al-Razi (Rhazes), born in 865, as the greatest physician of the Islamic world. He wrote Kitab Al-Mansuri (Liber Almartsoris in Latin), a 10 volume treatise on Greek medicine,6 and also published on smallpox and measles: his texts continued to be reprinted well into the 19th century. The medical texts of Ibn Rushd (Averroes) were also widely used in European universities.

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) was known in the West as "the prince of physicians." His synthesis of Islamic medicine, al-Qanun fi'l tibb (The Canon of Medicine), was the final authority on medical matters in Europe for several centuries. Although Ibn Sina made advances in pharmacology and in clinical practice, his greatest contribution was probably in the philosophy of medicine. He created a system of medicine that today we would call holistic and in which physical and psychological factors, drugs, and diet were combined in treating patients.7

Eventually, the Islamic civilisation constructed by the Arabs went into decline. In the east, new powers rose: first the Mongols, who in 1258 devastated Baghdad, the greatest Arab city of its day, and later the Ottoman Turks, who brought large parts of the Arab world into their new empire from the 14th century onwards. Weakened by internal strife and civil conflict, most of the Islamic cities of Spain had been conquered by Christian armies by the 14th century. The last Islamic state in Spain, Granada, surrendered to the Spanish in 1492 and its ruler, Boabdil, was exiled to North Africa.8

The flow of technology and ideas from the Islamic world to the West slowed and, in the past 600 years, has reversed. Academics and politicians still debate the reasons for and consequences of this decline in Islamic science and technology. The legacy of Islamic civilisation, though, remains with us in making possible Europe's own scientific and cultural renaissance.9


Azeem Majeed, professor of primary care

Department of Primary Care and Social Medicine, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London W6 8RP
(a.majeed@imperial.ac.uk)
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Re: Islam and science
Reply #6 - Jul 5th, 2008 at 12:10am
 
Continued

Quote:
References

HRH Prince of Wales. Islam and the West: speech at Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, 1993. www.princeofwales.gov.uk/speeches/religion_27101993.html (accessed 3 Dec 2005).
Drabu R, Nanji A, Greenfield S. Science and learning in Islam—a shared legacy. Royal Institution of Great Britian, London, 1 December 2005.
Soubani AO, Khan FA. The discovery of the pulmonary circulation revisited. www.kfshrc.edu.sa/annals/152/mh9422ar.html (accessed 3 Dec 2005).
Aschoff A, Kremer P, Hashemi B, Kunze S. The scientific history of hydrocephalus and its treatment Neurosurg Rev 1999;22: 67-93.[Medline]
Al-Hassani STS. Thousand years of missing history. Manchester: Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation, 2004.
Van Alphen J, Aris A. Oriental medicine: an illustrated guide to the Asian arts of healing. London: Serindia, 2003.
Wear A, Geyer-Kordesch J, French R. Doctors and ethics: the historical setting of professional ethics. Rodopi: Amsterdam, 1993.
Fletcher R. Moorish Spain. London: Phoenix, 2001.
Bulliet R. The case for Islamo-Christian civilization. Irvington, NY: Columbia University Press, 2004.
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Re: Islam and science
Reply #7 - Jul 5th, 2008 at 12:13am
 
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Re: Islam and science
Reply #8 - Jul 5th, 2008 at 12:14am
 
jews have won 165 nobel awards, muslims about 8.
If you include the gun toting yassar arafat as one.


But don't say a thing about it .

"Egypt's Nobel-prize-winning novelist Naguib Mahfouz, who had been critical of Muslim militants, was stabbed in the neck and seriously wounded yesterday in Cairo. There was no immediate claim of responsibility for the assault, but Islamic militants have in the past condemned the 82-year-old author as an infidel and threatened to kill him for writing "blasphemous" novels."

http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/nobel_prizes/index.html?query=EGYPT&field=geo&match=exact
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Re: Islam and science
Reply #9 - Jul 5th, 2008 at 12:33am
 
You're delusional.

Muslims have contributed a great deal to sciences.

Tell me sprint, where was the first university made in the world?

Muslims had universities more than 200 years before Christians did..

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Re: Islam and science
Reply #10 - Jul 5th, 2008 at 12:37am
 
That's much like your normal personal comments against me.
Against which I take no umbridge.
Whereas if I call mohammad the paediophile what he is, you go all girly and claim  -  "insult"



The first Uni was in India.

It has the best University in the world currently.
India will be the next great world leader, imho.
China will lead for a wee while, but India will far eclipse it.
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Re: Islam and science
Reply #11 - Jul 6th, 2008 at 10:35am
 
from Abu in the other thread:

We never had a renaissance because we never needed one really. Our belief system doesn't suppress science and technology and advancement, it advocates and promotes them. The lessons weren't learned because the mistakes weren't made to begin with.

Islam certainly seems to be supressing science at the moment. It seems the more true a state is to Islam, the less it contributes to science. Islam itself appears at least partly responsible. There is certainly no question about whether there was a decline.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age#Causes_of_decline

Causes of decline

    "The achievements of the Arabic speaking peoples between the ninth and twelfth centuries are so great as to baffle our understanding. The decadence of Islam and of Arabic is almost as puzzling in its speed and completeness as their phenomenal rise. Scholars will forever try to explain it as they try to explain the decadence and fall of Rome. Such questions are exceedingly complex and it is impossible to answer them in a simple way."
    — George Sarton ,  The Incubation of Western Culture in the Middle East' [206]

The Islamic civilization which had at the outset been creative and dynamic in dealing with issues, began to struggle to respond to the challenges and rapid changes it faced during the 12th and 13th centuries onwards towards the end of the Abbassid rule. Despite a brief respite with the new Ottoman rule, the decline continued until its eventual collapse and subsequent stagnation in the 20th century.

Despite a number of attempts by many writers, historical and modern, none seem to agree on the causes of decline. The main views on the causes of decline comprise the following: political mismanagement after the early Caliphs (10th century onwards), closure of the gates of ijtihad (12th century), institutionalisation of taqlid rather than bid'ah (13th century), foreign involvement by invading forces and colonial powers (11th century Crusades, 13th century Mongol Empire, 15th century Reconquista, 19th century European empires), and the disruption to the cycle of equity based on Ibn Khaldun's famous model of Asabiyyah (the rise and fall of civilizations) which points to the decline being mainly due to political and economic factors.[4]

Tolerance about different ideas reduced and faded, with some seminaries systematically forbidding speculative philosophy, while polemic debates also appear to have been abandoned after the 13th century. A significant intellectual shift in Islamic philosophy is perhaps demonstrated by al-Ghazali's late 11th century polemic work The Incoherence of the Philosophers, which lambasted metaphysical philosophy in favor of the primacy of scripture, and was later criticized in The Incoherence of the Incoherence by Averroes. Institutions of science comprising Islamic universities, libraries (including the House of Wisdom), observatories, and hospitals, were later destroyed by foreign invaders like the Crusaders and particularly the Mongols, and were rarely promoted again in the devastated regions.[207] Not only wasn't new publishing equipment accepted but also wide illiteracy overwhelmed the devastated lands, especially in Mesopotamia.

Some historians have recently come to question the traditional picture of decline, pointing to continued astronomical activity as a sign of a continuing and creative scientific tradition through to the 15th and 16th centuries, with the works of Ibn al-Shatir, Ulugh Beg, Ali Kuşçu, al-Birjandi and Taqi al-Din considered noteworthy examples.[208][209] This was also the case for other fields, such as medicine, notably the works of Ibn al-Nafis, Mansur ibn Ilyas and Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu; mathematics, notably the works of al-Kashi and al-Qalasadi; philosophy, notably Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Theosophy; and the social sciences, notably Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah (1370), which itself points out that though science was declining in Iraq, al-Andalus and Maghreb, it continued to flourish in Persia, Syria and Egypt during his time.[4]

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Re: Islam and science
Reply #12 - Jul 6th, 2008 at 12:26pm
 
this sprint guy is hilarious.

Quote:
Europe began to slowly recover from its artistic darkness. The lost knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans was found again.


It was just magically found was it? It wasn't preserved by the Muslim scholars was it? And translated from Latin and Greek into Arabic and then later back into the European languages during the Renaissance was it?

Many European scholars even agree that a large part of the credit for the Renaissance in Europe is owed to the Muslim civilisation that kept the knowledge alive for so long, and generally allowed the free flow of knowledge to other cultures. Unlike the West today, the recipents of that knowledge, who horde it all for themselves, and actively prevent other cultures rom attaining knowledge lest they compete with them.
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Re: Islam and science
Reply #13 - Jul 6th, 2008 at 12:51pm
 
Quote:
Was it preceded by something similar in China?


Yes, and in India, and Greece etc. I don't think any one civilisation can claim to be the originator of knowledge, all civilisations inherit and benefit from the work done by civilisations before them. But only the West seems intent on proclaiming their civilisation is all original, and the Islamic civilisation was just copied from others, and that Muslims contributed nothing to civilisation at all.

Quote:
What caused it to end?


It ended mostly for political reasons. Muslims became politically weak and at the same time the West became very technologically and politically adept. So the Ottoman Caliphate became a technological customer of the West, and began using their second hand technology, which was obviously far behind the cutting edge European technology. Then the Western powers conspired together to divide and carve up the Islamic lands and share them amongst themselves.

Consider for instance in the 1400's when the Ottoman State conquered Constantinople and abolished the last vestiges of the Roman empire (the Byzantines), Muslim military technology was far more advanced compared to the West's. The cannons used just obliterated the Western armies. And this continued all the way to the gates of Vienna. We are the ones who transferred gunpowder to the West, but once they got it, they refined it much more and then used it against us, and eventually used it against the Chinese, which is where we originally got it from.

Quote:
Are there any Islamic laws relating directly to science and technology?


There are laws and other things that encourage education and flow of konwledge. The Prophet (Pbuh) is reported as saying "Seek knowledge, even if you must travel to China", and the Muslims did just that.

Quote:
What is Islamic law regarding economics?


This is a very deep subject, and fills books upon books. The basic tenets of Islamic economics though are based on trade, so what you might call a free market, I certainly wouldn't call it capitalism though. It also has a lot of aspects similar to socialism too, there is well established welfare system, most major resources are considered to be state/community property. Contrast this to the modern secular Arab states where major resources (oil anyone?) are the personal property of the King and his family.

Quote:
As far as I know economics as an academic enquiry only began a few centuries ago.


Uloom al-Iqtisadiyyah (Sciences of Ecnomics) has been a field of study in Islamic civilisation since about the 8th. century. There are numerous classical works that detail the economic system in Islam. It's truly sad that the bias in the West has presented them from mentioning much about Islamic civilisation. Haven't you ever noticed there's a great 1350 year gap in the historical accounts of the West?? We go from the decline of the Roman empire through the Dark ages and all of a sudden it's the renaissance, they completely leave out the achievements of Islamic civilisation and it's influence on the Western world. Although recently there has been a few honest scholars in the West beginning to investigate this. There was in fact a nice documentary on SBS last Sunday night about it, nobody watched it?

Quote:
Islam certainly seems to be supressing science at the moment.


As has been mentioned to you before, the Islamic civilisation came to an end in the early part of the 20th. century. It's a known fact the Caliphate was abolished, and it was replaced by about 40 independant states all having different ideologies, none of them being based on Islam implementing the system of Caliphate.

If you like I can show you some newspaper clippings from the time if that might help for it to sink in.

You cannot blame the Islamic system for what states do, that don't implement the Islamic system. Just because they write "Allahu Akbar" between the coloured lines on their flag, or they behead adulterers and gays, or they have a religious ministry, or Eid al-Fitr is a public holiday, or Friday is part of the weekend doesn't mean they implement the Islamic State System.
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Re: Islam and science
Reply #14 - Jul 6th, 2008 at 2:12pm
 
Here's some quotes from Western writers (just so you know it's not Islamic propaganda and all) regarding Muslim contributions to civilisation, technology and science:

George Sarton's Tribute to Muslim Scientists in the "Introduction to the History of Science,"

    "It will suffice here to evoke a few glorious names without contemporary equivalents in the West: Jabir ibn Haiyan, al-Kindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, al-Razi, Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, al-Masudi, al-Tabari, Abul Wafa, 'Ali ibn Abbas, Abul Qasim, Ibn al-Jazzar, al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, Ibn Yunus, al-Kashi, Ibn al-Haitham, 'Ali Ibn 'Isa al-Ghazali, al-zarqab, Omar Khayyam. A magnificent array of names which it would not be difficult to extend. If anyone tells you that the Middle Ages were scientifically sterile, just quote these men to him, all of whom flourished within a short period, 750 to 1100 A.D."

John William Draper in the "Intellectual Development of Europe"

    "I have to deplore the systematic manner in which the literature of Europe has continued to put out of sight our obligations to the Muhammadans. Surely they cannot be much longer hidden. Injustice founded on religious rancour and national conceit cannot be perpetuated forever. The Arab has left his intellectual impress on Europe. He has indelibly written it on the heavens as any one may see who reads the names of the stars on a common celestial globe."

Robert Briffault in the "Making of Humanity"

    "It was under the influence of the arabs and Moorish revival of culture and not in the 15th century, that a real renaissance took place. Spain, not Italy, was the cradle of the rebirth of Europe. After steadily sinking lower and lower into barbarism, it had reached the darkest depths of ignorance and degradation when cities of the Saracenic world, Baghdad, Cairo, Cordova, and Toledo, were growing centers of civilization and intellectual activity. It was there that the new life arose which was to grow into new phase of human evolution. From the time when the influence of their culture made itself felt, began the stirring of new life.

    "It was under their successors at Oxford School (that is, successors to the Muslims of Spain) that Roger Bacon learned Arabic and Arabic Sciences. Neither Roger Bacon nor later namesake has any title to be credited with having introduced the experimental method. Roger Bacon was no more than one of apostles of Muslim Science and Method to Christian Europe; and he never wearied of declaring that knowledge of Arabic and Arabic Sciences was for his contemporaries the only way to true knowledge. Discussion as to who was the originator of the experimental method....are part of the colossal misinterpretation of the origins of European civilization. The experimental method of Arabs was by Bacon's time widespread and eagerly cultivated throughout Europe.

    "Science is the most momentous contribution of Arab civilization to the modern world; but its fruits were slow in ripening. Not until long after Moorish culture had sunk back into darkness did the giant, which it had given birth to, rise in his might. It was not science only which brought Europe back to life. Other and manifold influence from the civilization of Islam communicated its first glow to European Life.

    "For Although there is not a single aspect of European growth in which the decisive influence of Islamic Culture is not traceable, nowhere is it so clear and momentous as in the genesis of that power which constitutes the permanent distinctive force of the modern world, and the supreme source of its victory, natural science and the scientific spirit.

    "The debt of our science to that of the Arabs does not consist in startling discoveries or revolutionary theories, science owes a great deal more to Arab culture, it owes its existence. The Astronomy and Mathematics of the Greeks were a foreign importation never thoroughly acclimatized in Greek culture. The Greeks systematized, generalized and theorized, but the patient ways of investigation, the accumulation of positive knowledge, the minute method of science, detailed and prolonged observation and experimental inquiry were altogether alien to the Greek temperament. Only in Hellenistic Alexandria was any approach to scientific work conducted in the ancient classical world. What we call science arose in Europe as a result of new spirit of enquiry, of new methods of experiment, observation, measurement, of the development of mathematics, in a form unknown to the Greeks. That spirit and those methods were introduced into the European world by the Arabs.

    "It is highly probable that but for the Arabs, modern European civilization would never have arisen at all; it is absolutely certain that but for them, it would not have assumed that character which has enabled it to transcend all previous phases of evolution."

Source

to be continued...
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